1 · Résumé du cours
Le produit scalaire associe un nombre réel à deux vecteurs. Il relie longueurs, projections et angles, et permet de tester une orthogonalité, de calculer une distance ou un angle, puis d'établir les grandes relations métriques d'un triangle.
1.1 Norme d'un vecteur
Définition
Pour un vecteur
u ⃗ = A B → \vec u=\overrightarrow{AB} u = A B , la
norme ∥ u ⃗ ∥ \|\vec u\| ∥ u ∥ est la distance
A B AB A B :
∥ u ⃗ ∥ = ∥ A B → ∥ = A B . \boxed{\|\vec u\|=\|\overrightarrow{AB}\|=AB.} ∥ u ∥ = ∥ A B ∥ = A B . Elle ne dépend pas du représentant choisi.
Propriété
Pour tout vecteur
u ⃗ \vec u u :
∥ u ⃗ ∥ ⩾ 0 , ∥ u ⃗ ∥ = 0 ⟺ u ⃗ = 0 ⃗ , ∥ k u ⃗ ∥ = ∣ k ∣ ∥ u ⃗ ∥ . \|\vec u\|\geqslant0,\qquad\|\vec u\|=0\iff\vec u=\vec 0,\qquad\|k\vec u\|=|k|\,\|\vec u\|. ∥ u ∥ ⩾ 0 , ∥ u ∥ = 0 ⟺ u = 0 , ∥ k u ∥ = ∣ k ∣ ∥ u ∥. Dans un repère orthonormé, si
u ⃗ = ( x , y ) \vec u=(x,y) u = ( x , y ) , alors
∥ u ⃗ ∥ = x 2 + y 2 . \boxed{\|\vec u\|=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}.} ∥ u ∥ = x 2 + y 2 .
Norme et coordonnées
La formule
x 2 + y 2 \sqrt{x^2+y^2} x 2 + y 2 repose sur Pythagore : elle exige un repère
orthonormé . Dans un repère quelconque, elle est en général fausse.
1.2 Définition géométrique du produit scalaire
1.2.1 Définition par projection orthogonale
Définition
Soient
u ⃗ = A B → \vec u=\overrightarrow{AB} u = A B ,
v ⃗ = A C → \vec v=\overrightarrow{AC} v = A C non nuls et
H H H le projeté orthogonal de
C C C sur
( A B ) (AB) ( A B ) . Le
produit scalaire est
u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ = { A B × A H , A B → , A H → de m e ˆ me sens , 0 , H = A , − A B × A H , A B → , A H → de sens oppos e ˊ s . \boxed{\vec u\cdot\vec v=\begin{cases}AB\times AH,&\overrightarrow{AB},\ \overrightarrow{AH}\text{ de même sens},\\0,&H=A,\\-AB\times AH,&\overrightarrow{AB},\ \overrightarrow{AH}\text{ de sens opposés}.\end{cases}} u ⋅ v = ⎩ ⎨ ⎧ A B × A H , 0 , − A B × A H , A B , A H de m e ˆ me sens , H = A , A B , A H de sens oppos e ˊ s . Si l'un des vecteurs est nul, le produit scalaire est nul.
Propriété — invariance par projection
La composante de
A C → \overrightarrow{AC} A C perpendiculaire à
( A B ) (AB) ( A B ) n'intervient pas :
A B → ⋅ A C → = A B → ⋅ A H → . \boxed{\overrightarrow{AB}\cdot\overrightarrow{AC}=\overrightarrow{AB}\cdot\overrightarrow{AH}.} A B ⋅ A C = A B ⋅ A H . On peut projeter orthogonalement les extrémités d'un vecteur sur la direction de l'autre.
Exemple. Si A B = 5 AB=5 A B = 5 et A H = 3 AH=3 A H = 3 : lorsque H ∈ [ A B ) H\in[AB) H ∈ [ A B ) , A B → ⋅ A C → = 5 × 3 = 15 \overrightarrow{AB}\cdot\overrightarrow{AC}=5\times3=15 A B ⋅ A C = 5 × 3 = 15 ; lorsque H H H est sur la demi-droite opposée à [ A B ) [AB) [ A B ) , A B → ⋅ A C → = − 15 \overrightarrow{AB}\cdot\overrightarrow{AC}=-15 A B ⋅ A C = − 15 . Le signe traduit la position de la projection par rapport à A A A .
1.2.2 Forme trigonométrique
Théorème
Pour
u ⃗ , v ⃗ \vec u,\vec v u , v non nuls formant un angle géométrique
θ \theta θ avec
0 ⩽ θ ⩽ π 0\leqslant\theta\leqslant\pi 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ π :
u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ = ∥ u ⃗ ∥ ∥ v ⃗ ∥ cos θ . \boxed{\vec u\cdot\vec v=\|\vec u\|\,\|\vec v\|\cos\theta.} u ⋅ v = ∥ u ∥ ∥ v ∥ cos θ . Pour trois points distincts :
A B → ⋅ A C → = A B × A C × cos B A C ^ . \boxed{\overrightarrow{AB}\cdot\overrightarrow{AC}=AB\times AC\times\cos\widehat{BAC}.} A B ⋅ A C = A B × A C × cos B A C .
Propriété — signe du produit scalaire
0 ⩽ θ < 9 0 ∘ θ = 9 0 ∘ 9 0 ∘ < θ ⩽ 18 0 ∘ u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ > 0 u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ = 0 u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ < 0 \begin{array}{c|c|c}0\leqslant\theta<90^\circ & \theta=90^\circ & 90^\circ<\theta\leqslant180^\circ\\ \hline \vec u\cdot\vec v>0 & \vec u\cdot\vec v=0 & \vec u\cdot\vec v<0\end{array} 0 ⩽ θ < 9 0 ∘ u ⋅ v > 0 θ = 9 0 ∘ u ⋅ v = 0 9 0 ∘ < θ ⩽ 18 0 ∘ u ⋅ v < 0 Le produit scalaire est positif pour un angle aigu, négatif pour un angle obtus.
Choisir la bonne définition
Utiliser la projection lorsqu'un projeté ou une hauteur apparaît ; la forme trigonométrique lorsque les deux longueurs et l'angle compris sont connus.
1.3 Expressions calculatoires
1.3.1 À l'aide des normes
Propriété
Pour tous
u ⃗ , v ⃗ \vec u,\vec v u , v :
u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ = 1 2 ( ∥ u ⃗ + v ⃗ ∥ 2 − ∥ u ⃗ ∥ 2 − ∥ v ⃗ ∥ 2 ) \boxed{\vec u\cdot\vec v=\tfrac12\left(\|\vec u+\vec v\|^2-\|\vec u\|^2-\|\vec v\|^2\right)} u ⋅ v = 2 1 ( ∥ u + v ∥ 2 − ∥ u ∥ 2 − ∥ v ∥ 2 ) u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ = 1 2 ( ∥ u ⃗ ∥ 2 + ∥ v ⃗ ∥ 2 − ∥ u ⃗ − v ⃗ ∥ 2 ) . \boxed{\vec u\cdot\vec v=\tfrac12\left(\|\vec u\|^2+\|\vec v\|^2-\|\vec u-\vec v\|^2\right).} u ⋅ v = 2 1 ( ∥ u ∥ 2 + ∥ v ∥ 2 − ∥ u − v ∥ 2 ) .
Propriété — formule avec trois points
A B → ⋅ A C → = 1 2 ( A B 2 + A C 2 − B C 2 ) \boxed{\overrightarrow{AB}\cdot\overrightarrow{AC}=\tfrac12\left(AB^2+AC^2-BC^2\right)} A B ⋅ A C = 2 1 ( A B 2 + A C 2 − B C 2 ) car
B C → = A C → − A B → \overrightarrow{BC}=\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB} BC = A C − A B .
1.3.2 À l'aide des coordonnées
Théorème — expression analytique
Dans un repère
orthonormé , si
u ⃗ = ( x , y ) \vec u=(x,y) u = ( x , y ) et
v ⃗ = ( x ′ , y ′ ) \vec v=(x',y') v = ( x ′ , y ′ ) :
u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ = x x ′ + y y ′ . \boxed{\vec u\cdot\vec v=xx'+yy'.} u ⋅ v = x x ′ + y y ′ . Pour
A , B , C A,B,C A , B , C , calculer d'abord
A B → = ( x B − x A , y B − y A ) \overrightarrow{AB}=(x_B-x_A,y_B-y_A) A B = ( x B − x A , y B − y A ) et
A C → = ( x C − x A , y C − y A ) \overrightarrow{AC}=(x_C-x_A,y_C-y_A) A C = ( x C − x A , y C − y A ) .
Exemple. Pour u ⃗ = ( 2 , − 3 ) \vec u=(2,-3) u = ( 2 , − 3 ) , v ⃗ = ( 4 , 1 ) \vec v=(4,1) v = ( 4 , 1 ) : u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ = 2 × 4 + ( − 3 ) × 1 = 5 \vec u\cdot\vec v=2\times4+(-3)\times1=5 u ⋅ v = 2 × 4 + ( − 3 ) × 1 = 5 . Avec ∥ u ⃗ ∥ = 13 \|\vec u\|=\sqrt{13} ∥ u ∥ = 13 , ∥ v ⃗ ∥ = 17 \|\vec v\|=\sqrt{17} ∥ v ∥ = 17 , l'angle vérifie cos θ = 5 221 \cos\theta=\dfrac{5}{\sqrt{221}} cos θ = 221 5 .
Méthode — calculer un produit scalaire
Choisir l'expression adaptée aux données :
projection connue → longueur projetée avec son signe ;
longueurs et angle connus → ∥ u ⃗ ∥ ∥ v ⃗ ∥ cos θ \|\vec u\|\|\vec v\|\cos\theta ∥ u ∥∥ v ∥ cos θ ;
normes de u ⃗ , v ⃗ , u ⃗ ± v ⃗ \vec u,\vec v,\vec u\pm\vec v u , v , u ± v connues → identités avec les normes ;
coordonnées en repère orthonormé → x x ′ + y y ′ xx'+yy' x x ′ + y y ′ ;
trois distances A B , A C , B C AB,AC,BC A B , A C , BC connues → 1 2 ( A B 2 + A C 2 − B C 2 ) \tfrac12(AB^2+AC^2-BC^2) 2 1 ( A B 2 + A C 2 − B C 2 ) .
1.4 Propriétés algébriques
Propriété
Pour tous
u ⃗ , v ⃗ , w ⃗ \vec u,\vec v,\vec w u , v , w et tout réel
k k k :
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Propriété — identités remarquables
∥ u ⃗ + v ⃗ ∥ 2 = ∥ u ⃗ ∥ 2 + 2 u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ + ∥ v ⃗ ∥ 2 , ∥ u ⃗ − v ⃗ ∥ 2 = ∥ u ⃗ ∥ 2 − 2 u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ + ∥ v ⃗ ∥ 2 , ( u ⃗ + v ⃗ ) ⋅ ( u ⃗ − v ⃗ ) = ∥ u ⃗ ∥ 2 − ∥ v ⃗ ∥ 2 , ∥ u ⃗ + v ⃗ ∥ 2 + ∥ u ⃗ − v ⃗ ∥ 2 = 2 ( ∥ u ⃗ ∥ 2 + ∥ v ⃗ ∥ 2 ) . \begin{aligned}\|\vec u+\vec v\|^2&=\|\vec u\|^2+2\,\vec u\cdot\vec v+\|\vec v\|^2,\\\|\vec u-\vec v\|^2&=\|\vec u\|^2-2\,\vec u\cdot\vec v+\|\vec v\|^2,\\vec u+\vec v)\cdot(\vec u-\vec v)&=\|\vec u\|^2-\|\vec v\|^2,\\\|\vec u+\vec v\|^2+\|\vec u-\vec v\|^2&=2\bigl(\|\vec u\|^2+\|\vec v\|^2\bigr).\end{aligned}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:6.0964em;vertical-align:-2.7982em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.2982em;"><span style="top:-5.4341em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.2077em;"><span class="overlay" style="height:0.714em;width:0.471em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.471em" height="0.714em" style="width:0.471em" viewBox="0 0 471 714" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin"><path d="M377 20c0-5.333 1.833-10 5.5-14S391 0 397 0c4.667 0 8.667 1.667 12 5
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-7 1c-4.667 0-9.167-1.833-13.5-5.5S337 184 337 178c0-12.667 15.667-32.333 47-59
H213l-171-1c-8.667-6-13-12.333-13-19 0-4.667 4.333-11.333 13-20h359
c-16-25.333-24-45-24-59z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.91em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.2077em;"><span class="overlay" style="height:0.714em;width:0.471em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.471em" height="0.714em" style="width:0.471em" viewBox="0 0 471 714" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin"><path d="M377 20c0-5.333 1.833-10 5.5-14S391 0 397 0c4.667 0 8.667 1.667 12 5
3.333 2.667 6.667 9 10 19 6.667 24.667 20.333 43.667 41 57 7.333 4.667 11
10.667 11 18 0 6-1 10-3 12s-6.667 5-14 9c-28.667 14.667-53.667 35.667-75 63
-1.333 1.333-3.167 3.5-5.5 6.5s-4 4.833-5 5.5c-1 .667-2.5 1.333-4.5 2s-4.333 1
-7 1c-4.667 0-9.167-1.833-13.5-5.5S337 184 337 178c0-12.667 15.667-32.333 47-59
H213l-171-1c-8.667-6-13-12.333-13-19 0-4.667 4.333-11.333 13-20h359
c-16-25.333-24-45-24-59z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.2077em;"><span class="overlay" style="height:0.714em;width:0.471em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.471em" height="0.714em" style="width:0.471em" viewBox="0 0 471 714" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin"><path d="M377 20c0-5.333 1.833-10 5.5-14S391 0 397 0c4.667 0 8.667 1.667 12 5
3.333 2.667 6.667 9 10 19 6.667 24.667 20.333 43.667 41 57 7.333 4.667 11
10.667 11 18 0 6-1 10-3 12s-6.667 5-14 9c-28.667 14.667-53.667 35.667-75 63
-1.333 1.333-3.167 3.5-5.5 6.5s-4 4.833-5 5.5c-1 .667-2.5 1.333-4.5 2s-4.333 1
-7 1c-4.667 0-9.167-1.833-13.5-5.5S337 184 337 178c0-12.667 15.667-32.333 47-59
H213l-171-1c-8.667-6-13-12.333-13-19 0-4.667 4.333-11.333 13-20h359
c-16-25.333-24-45-24-59z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.3859em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.2077em;"><span class="overlay" style="height:0.714em;width:0.471em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.471em" height="0.714em" style="width:0.471em" viewBox="0 0 471 714" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin"><path d="M377 20c0-5.333 1.833-10 5.5-14S391 0 397 0c4.667 0 8.667 1.667 12 5
3.333 2.667 6.667 9 10 19 6.667 24.667 20.333 43.667 41 57 7.333 4.667 11
10.667 11 18 0 6-1 10-3 12s-6.667 5-14 9c-28.667 14.667-53.667 35.667-75 63
-1.333 1.333-3.167 3.5-5.5 6.5s-4 4.833-5 5.5c-1 .667-2.5 1.333-4.5 2s-4.333 1
-7 1c-4.667 0-9.167-1.833-13.5-5.5S337 184 337 178c0-12.667 15.667-32.333 47-59
H213l-171-1c-8.667-6-13-12.333-13-19 0-4.667 4.333-11.333 13-20h359
c-16-25.333-24-45-24-59z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.2077em;"><span class="overlay" style="height:0.714em;width:0.471em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.471em" height="0.714em" style="width:0.471em" viewBox="0 0 471 714" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin"><path d="M377 20c0-5.333 1.833-10 5.5-14S391 0 397 0c4.667 0 8.667 1.667 12 5
3.333 2.667 6.667 9 10 19 6.667 24.667 20.333 43.667 41 57 7.333 4.667 11
10.667 11 18 0 6-1 10-3 12s-6.667 5-14 9c-28.667 14.667-53.667 35.667-75 63
-1.333 1.333-3.167 3.5-5.5 6.5s-4 4.833-5 5.5c-1 .667-2.5 1.333-4.5 2s-4.333 1
-7 1c-4.667 0-9.167-1.833-13.5-5.5S337 184 337 178c0-12.667 15.667-32.333 47-59
H213l-171-1c-8.667-6-13-12.333-13-19 0-4.667 4.333-11.333 13-20h359
c-16-25.333-24-45-24-59z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">⋅</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.2077em;"><span class="overlay" style="height:0.714em;width:0.471em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.471em" height="0.714em" style="width:0.471em" viewBox="0 0 471 714" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin"><path d="M377 20c0-5.333 1.833-10 5.5-14S391 0 397 0c4.667 0 8.667 1.667 12 5
3.333 2.667 6.667 9 10 19 6.667 24.667 20.333 43.667 41 57 7.333 4.667 11
10.667 11 18 0 6-1 10-3 12s-6.667 5-14 9c-28.667 14.667-53.667 35.667-75 63
-1.333 1.333-3.167 3.5-5.5 6.5s-4 4.833-5 5.5c-1 .667-2.5 1.333-4.5 2s-4.333 1
-7 1c-4.667 0-9.167-1.833-13.5-5.5S337 184 337 178c0-12.667 15.667-32.333 47-59
H213l-171-1c-8.667-6-13-12.333-13-19 0-4.667 4.333-11.333 13-20h359
c-16-25.333-24-45-24-59z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.2077em;"><span class="overlay" style="height:0.714em;width:0.471em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.471em" height="0.714em" style="width:0.471em" viewBox="0 0 471 714" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin"><path d="M377 20c0-5.333 1.833-10 5.5-14S391 0 397 0c4.667 0 8.667 1.667 12 5
3.333 2.667 6.667 9 10 19 6.667 24.667 20.333 43.667 41 57 7.333 4.667 11
10.667 11 18 0 6-1 10-3 12s-6.667 5-14 9c-28.667 14.667-53.667 35.667-75 63
-1.333 1.333-3.167 3.5-5.5 6.5s-4 4.833-5 5.5c-1 .667-2.5 1.333-4.5 2s-4.333 1
-7 1c-4.667 0-9.167-1.833-13.5-5.5S337 184 337 178c0-12.667 15.667-32.333 47-59
H213l-171-1c-8.667-6-13-12.333-13-19 0-4.667 4.333-11.333 13-20h359
c-16-25.333-24-45-24-59z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.8618em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.2077em;"><span class="overlay" style="height:0.714em;width:0.471em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.471em" height="0.714em" style="width:0.471em" viewBox="0 0 471 714" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin"><path d="M377 20c0-5.333 1.833-10 5.5-14S391 0 397 0c4.667 0 8.667 1.667 12 5
3.333 2.667 6.667 9 10 19 6.667 24.667 20.333 43.667 41 57 7.333 4.667 11
10.667 11 18 0 6-1 10-3 12s-6.667 5-14 9c-28.667 14.667-53.667 35.667-75 63
-1.333 1.333-3.167 3.5-5.5 6.5s-4 4.833-5 5.5c-1 .667-2.5 1.333-4.5 2s-4.333 1
-7 1c-4.667 0-9.167-1.833-13.5-5.5S337 184 337 178c0-12.667 15.667-32.333 47-59
H213l-171-1c-8.667-6-13-12.333-13-19 0-4.667 4.333-11.333 13-20h359
c-16-25.333-24-45-24-59z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.2077em;"><span class="overlay" style="height:0.714em;width:0.471em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.471em" height="0.714em" style="width:0.471em" viewBox="0 0 471 714" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin"><path d="M377 20c0-5.333 1.833-10 5.5-14S391 0 397 0c4.667 0 8.667 1.667 12 5
3.333 2.667 6.667 9 10 19 6.667 24.667 20.333 43.667 41 57 7.333 4.667 11
10.667 11 18 0 6-1 10-3 12s-6.667 5-14 9c-28.667 14.667-53.667 35.667-75 63
-1.333 1.333-3.167 3.5-5.5 6.5s-4 4.833-5 5.5c-1 .667-2.5 1.333-4.5 2s-4.333 1
-7 1c-4.667 0-9.167-1.833-13.5-5.5S337 184 337 178c0-12.667 15.667-32.333 47-59
H213l-171-1c-8.667-6-13-12.333-13-19 0-4.667 4.333-11.333 13-20h359
c-16-25.333-24-45-24-59z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.2077em;"><span class="overlay" style="height:0.714em;width:0.471em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.471em" height="0.714em" style="width:0.471em" viewBox="0 0 471 714" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin"><path d="M377 20c0-5.333 1.833-10 5.5-14S391 0 397 0c4.667 0 8.667 1.667 12 5
3.333 2.667 6.667 9 10 19 6.667 24.667 20.333 43.667 41 57 7.333 4.667 11
10.667 11 18 0 6-1 10-3 12s-6.667 5-14 9c-28.667 14.667-53.667 35.667-75 63
-1.333 1.333-3.167 3.5-5.5 6.5s-4 4.833-5 5.5c-1 .667-2.5 1.333-4.5 2s-4.333 1
-7 1c-4.667 0-9.167-1.833-13.5-5.5S337 184 337 178c0-12.667 15.667-32.333 47-59
H213l-171-1c-8.667-6-13-12.333-13-19 0-4.667 4.333-11.333 13-20h359
c-16-25.333-24-45-24-59z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.2077em;"><span class="overlay" style="height:0.714em;width:0.471em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.471em" height="0.714em" style="width:0.471em" viewBox="0 0 471 714" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin"><path d="M377 20c0-5.333 1.833-10 5.5-14S391 0 397 0c4.667 0 8.667 1.667 12 5
3.333 2.667 6.667 9 10 19 6.667 24.667 20.333 43.667 41 57 7.333 4.667 11
10.667 11 18 0 6-1 10-3 12s-6.667 5-14 9c-28.667 14.667-53.667 35.667-75 63
-1.333 1.333-3.167 3.5-5.5 6.5s-4 4.833-5 5.5c-1 .667-2.5 1.333-4.5 2s-4.333 1
-7 1c-4.667 0-9.167-1.833-13.5-5.5S337 184 337 178c0-12.667 15.667-32.333 47-59
H213l-171-1c-8.667-6-13-12.333-13-19 0-4.667 4.333-11.333 13-20h359
c-16-25.333-24-45-24-59z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.7982em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.2982em;"><span style="top:-5.4341em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.2077em;"><span class="overlay" style="height:0.714em;width:0.471em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.471em" height="0.714em" style="width:0.471em" viewBox="0 0 471 714" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin"><path d="M377 20c0-5.333 1.833-10 5.5-14S391 0 397 0c4.667 0 8.667 1.667 12 5
3.333 2.667 6.667 9 10 19 6.667 24.667 20.333 43.667 41 57 7.333 4.667 11
10.667 11 18 0 6-1 10-3 12s-6.667 5-14 9c-28.667 14.667-53.667 35.667-75 63
-1.333 1.333-3.167 3.5-5.5 6.5s-4 4.833-5 5.5c-1 .667-2.5 1.333-4.5 2s-4.333 1
-7 1c-4.667 0-9.167-1.833-13.5-5.5S337 184 337 178c0-12.667 15.667-32.333 47-59
H213l-171-1c-8.667-6-13-12.333-13-19 0-4.667 4.333-11.333 13-20h359
c-16-25.333-24-45-24-59z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.2077em;"><span class="overlay" style="height:0.714em;width:0.471em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.471em" height="0.714em" style="width:0.471em" viewBox="0 0 471 714" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin"><path d="M377 20c0-5.333 1.833-10 5.5-14S391 0 397 0c4.667 0 8.667 1.667 12 5
3.333 2.667 6.667 9 10 19 6.667 24.667 20.333 43.667 41 57 7.333 4.667 11
10.667 11 18 0 6-1 10-3 12s-6.667 5-14 9c-28.667 14.667-53.667 35.667-75 63
-1.333 1.333-3.167 3.5-5.5 6.5s-4 4.833-5 5.5c-1 .667-2.5 1.333-4.5 2s-4.333 1
-7 1c-4.667 0-9.167-1.833-13.5-5.5S337 184 337 178c0-12.667 15.667-32.333 47-59
H213l-171-1c-8.667-6-13-12.333-13-19 0-4.667 4.333-11.333 13-20h359
c-16-25.333-24-45-24-59z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">⋅</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.2077em;"><span class="overlay" style="height:0.714em;width:0.471em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0.471em" height="0.714em" style="width:0.471em" viewBox="0 0 471 714" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin"><path d="M377 20c0-5.333 1.833-10 5.5-14S391 0 397 0c4.667 0 8.667 1.667 12 5
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</div>
<div class="lbox tip"><span class="llab">Développer comme en algèbre</span>
On développe un produit scalaire comme un produit algébrique, en respectant les vecteurs. Par exemple \((2\vec u-3\vec v)\cdot(\vec u+\vec v)=2\|\vec u\|^2-\vec u\cdot\vec v-3\|\vec v\|^2 .
1.5 Orthogonalité et calcul d'un angle
Théorème — orthogonalité
u ⃗ ⊥ v ⃗ ⟺ u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ = 0. \boxed{\vec u\perp\vec v\iff\vec u\cdot\vec v=0.} u ⊥ v ⟺ u ⋅ v = 0. En repère orthonormé, pour
u ⃗ = ( x , y ) \vec u=(x,y) u = ( x , y ) ,
v ⃗ = ( x ′ , y ′ ) \vec v=(x',y') v = ( x ′ , y ′ ) :
u ⃗ ⊥ v ⃗ ⟺ x x ′ + y y ′ = 0. \boxed{\vec u\perp\vec v\iff xx'+yy'=0.} u ⊥ v ⟺ x x ′ + y y ′ = 0.
Méthode — deux droites perpendiculaires
choisir un vecteur directeur de chaque droite ;
calculer leur produit scalaire ;
s'il est nul, les vecteurs sont orthogonaux, donc les droites perpendiculaires.
Méthode — déterminer un angle
Calculer le produit scalaire et les normes, puis
cos θ = u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ ∥ u ⃗ ∥ ∥ v ⃗ ∥ . \boxed{\cos\theta=\frac{\vec u\cdot\vec v}{\|\vec u\|\,\|\vec v\|}.} cos θ = ∥ u ∥ ∥ v ∥ u ⋅ v . Régler la calculatrice dans l'unité d'angle demandée (souvent le degré).
Propriété — cercle de diamètre [ A B ] [AB] [ A B ]
Pour
A ≠ B A\ne B A = B et tout point
M M M :
M A → ⋅ M B → = 0 ⟺ M est sur le cercle de diam e ˋ tre [ A B ] . \boxed{\overrightarrow{MA}\cdot\overrightarrow{MB}=0\iff M\text{ est sur le cercle de diamètre }[AB].} M A ⋅ MB = 0 ⟺ M est sur le cercle de diam e ˋ tre [ A B ] . Pour
M ≠ A , B M\ne A,B M = A , B , c'est le théorème de l'angle inscrit droit ;
A A A et
B B B conviennent aussi (un vecteur est nul).
1.6 Relations métriques dans un triangle rectangle
Propriété
Soit
A B C ABC A BC rectangle en
A A A ,
H H H le pied de la hauteur issue de
A A A sur
[ B C ] [BC] [ BC ] . Alors
B C 2 = A B 2 + A C 2 , A B 2 = B H × B C , A C 2 = C H × C B , A H 2 = H B × H C , A B × A C = A H × B C . \boxed{\begin{aligned}BC^2&=AB^2+AC^2,\\AB^2&=BH\times BC,\\AC^2&=CH\times CB,\\AH^2&=HB\times HC,\\AB\times AC&=AH\times BC.\end{aligned}} B C 2 A B 2 A C 2 A H 2 A B × A C = A B 2 + A C 2 , = B H × BC , = C H × CB , = H B × H C , = A H × BC .
Démonstration de A B 2 = B H × B C AB^2=BH\times BC A B 2 = B H × BC . Les triangles rectangles A B H ABH A B H et A B C ABC A BC partagent l'angle en B B B , donc cos B ^ = B H A B \cos\widehat B=\dfrac{BH}{AB} cos B = A B B H et cos B ^ = A B B C \cos\widehat B=\dfrac{AB}{BC} cos B = BC A B . D'où B H A B = A B B C \dfrac{BH}{AB}=\dfrac{AB}{BC} A B B H = BC A B , soit A B 2 = B H × B C AB^2=BH\times BC A B 2 = B H × BC . Les autres relations s'obtiennent de même ou par les aires. ∎
1.7 Théorème d'Al-Kashi
Théorème — loi des cosinus
Dans un triangle
A B C ABC A BC , avec
a = B C a=BC a = BC ,
b = C A b=CA b = C A ,
c = A B c=AB c = A B :
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 b c cos A ^ , b 2 = c 2 + a 2 − 2 c a cos B ^ , c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2 a b cos C ^ . \boxed{\begin{aligned}a^2&=b^2+c^2-2bc\cos\widehat A,\\b^2&=c^2+a^2-2ca\cos\widehat B,\\c^2&=a^2+b^2-2ab\cos\widehat C.\end{aligned}} a 2 b 2 c 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 b c cos A , = c 2 + a 2 − 2 c a cos B , = a 2 + b 2 − 2 ab cos C .
Démonstration de la 1ʳᵉ formule. Chasles donne B C → = A C → − A B → \overrightarrow{BC}=\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB} BC = A C − A B , donc B C 2 = ∥ A C → − A B → ∥ 2 = A C 2 + A B 2 − 2 A C → ⋅ A B → = b 2 + c 2 − 2 b c cos A ^ BC^2=\|\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}\|^2=AC^2+AB^2-2\,\overrightarrow{AC}\cdot\overrightarrow{AB}=b^2+c^2-2bc\cos\widehat A B C 2 = ∥ A C − A B ∥ 2 = A C 2 + A B 2 − 2 A C ⋅ A B = b 2 + c 2 − 2 b c cos A . ∎
Pythagore est un cas particulier
Si
A ^ = 9 0 ∘ \widehat A=90^\circ A = 9 0 ∘ ,
cos A ^ = 0 \cos\widehat A=0 cos A = 0 et Al-Kashi devient
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 a^2=b^2+c^2 a 2 = b 2 + c 2 . Repérer d'abord le côté opposé à l'angle utilisé : il est seul dans le membre de gauche.
Méthode — utiliser Al-Kashi
calculer un côté : connaître les deux autres côtés et l'angle compris ;
calculer un angle : connaître les trois côtés et isoler cos A ^ = b 2 + c 2 − a 2 2 b c \cos\widehat A=\dfrac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2bc} cos A = 2 b c b 2 + c 2 − a 2 .
Une longueur étant positive, terminer un calcul de
a 2 a^2 a 2 par
a = a 2 a=\sqrt{a^2} a = a 2 .
1.8 Théorème de la médiane
Théorème
Soient
A , B A,B A , B ,
I I I le milieu de
[ A B ] [AB] [ A B ] et
M M M quelconque. Alors
M A 2 + M B 2 = 2 M I 2 + A B 2 2 . \boxed{MA^2+MB^2=2MI^2+\frac{AB^2}{2}.} M A 2 + M B 2 = 2 M I 2 + 2 A B 2 . Dans un triangle
A B C ABC A BC , si
I I I est le milieu de
[ B C ] [BC] [ BC ] :
A B 2 + A C 2 = 2 A I 2 + B C 2 2 . \boxed{AB^2+AC^2=2AI^2+\dfrac{BC^2}{2}.} A B 2 + A C 2 = 2 A I 2 + 2 B C 2 .
Démonstration. I I I milieu de [ A B ] [AB] [ A B ] donne I A → + I B → = 0 ⃗ \overrightarrow{IA}+\overrightarrow{IB}=\vec 0 I A + I B = 0 et I A = I B = A B 2 IA=IB=\tfrac{AB}{2} I A = I B = 2 A B . Avec M A → = M I → + I A → \overrightarrow{MA}=\overrightarrow{MI}+\overrightarrow{IA} M A = M I + I A , M B → = M I → + I B → \overrightarrow{MB}=\overrightarrow{MI}+\overrightarrow{IB} MB = M I + I B , les produits croisés s'annulent en additionnant : M A 2 + M B 2 = 2 M I 2 + 2 ( A B 2 ) 2 = 2 M I 2 + A B 2 2 MA^2+MB^2=2MI^2+2\left(\tfrac{AB}{2}\right)^2=2MI^2+\tfrac{AB^2}{2} M A 2 + M B 2 = 2 M I 2 + 2 ( 2 A B ) 2 = 2 M I 2 + 2 A B 2 . ∎
Propriété — deux conséquences exactes
Dans
A B C ABC A BC ,
I I I milieu de
[ B C ] [BC] [ BC ] :
A B → ⋅ A C → = A I 2 − B C 2 4 A B 2 − A C 2 = 2 B C → ⋅ I A → . \boxed{\overrightarrow{AB}\cdot\overrightarrow{AC}=AI^2-\frac{BC^2}{4}}\qquad\boxed{AB^2-AC^2=2\,\overrightarrow{BC}\cdot\overrightarrow{IA}.} A B ⋅ A C = A I 2 − 4 B C 2 A B 2 − A C 2 = 2 BC ⋅ I A . La seconde fixe le signe : ne pas remplacer
I A → \overrightarrow{IA} I A par
A I → \overrightarrow{AI} A I sans changer le signe.
Reconnaître le théorème de la médiane
Dès qu'une somme
M A 2 + M B 2 MA^2+MB^2 M A 2 + M B 2 apparaît, introduire le milieu
I I I de
[ A B ] [AB] [ A B ] : l'expression ne dépend plus que de
M I 2 MI^2 M I 2 et de la constante
A B 2 / 2 AB^2/2 A B 2 /2 , et les ensembles obtenus sont souvent des cercles de centre
I I I .
1.9 Aire d'un triangle et formule des sinus
Propriété — aire
Dans
A B C ABC A BC , avec
a = B C a=BC a = BC ,
b = C A b=CA b = C A ,
c = A B c=AB c = A B et aire
S \mathcal S S :
S = 1 2 b c sin A ^ = 1 2 c a sin B ^ = 1 2 a b sin C ^ . \boxed{\mathcal S=\tfrac12bc\sin\widehat A=\tfrac12ca\sin\widehat B=\tfrac12ab\sin\widehat C.} S = 2 1 b c sin A = 2 1 c a sin B = 2 1 ab sin C .
Théorème — formule des sinus
Dans tout triangle non aplati :
a sin A ^ = b sin B ^ = c sin C ^ = a b c 2 S . \boxed{\frac{a}{\sin\widehat A}=\frac{b}{\sin\widehat B}=\frac{c}{\sin\widehat C}=\frac{abc}{2\mathcal S}.} sin A a = sin B b = sin C c = 2 S ab c .
Méthode — Al-Kashi ou les sinus ?
trois côtés, ou deux côtés et l'angle compris → Al-Kashi ;
un côté et son angle opposé, avec un autre côté ou angle → formule des sinus ;
deux côtés et l'angle compris pour une aire → S = 1 2 b c sin A ^ \mathcal S=\tfrac12bc\sin\widehat A S = 2 1 b c sin A .
L'essentiel du chapitre
u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ = ∥ u ⃗ ∥ ∥ v ⃗ ∥ cos θ = x x ′ + y y ′ \vec u\cdot\vec v=\|\vec u\|\|\vec v\|\cos\theta=xx'+yy' u ⋅ v = ∥ u ∥∥ v ∥ cos θ = x x ′ + y y ′ (repère orthonormé).
u ⃗ ⊥ v ⃗ ⟺ u ⃗ ⋅ v ⃗ = 0 \vec u\perp\vec v\iff\vec u\cdot\vec v=0 u ⊥ v ⟺ u ⋅ v = 0 .
A B → ⋅ A C → = 1 2 ( A B 2 + A C 2 − B C 2 ) \overrightarrow{AB}\cdot\overrightarrow{AC}=\tfrac12(AB^2+AC^2-BC^2) A B ⋅ A C = 2 1 ( A B 2 + A C 2 − B C 2 ) .
Al-Kashi : a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 b c cos A ^ a^2=b^2+c^2-2bc\cos\widehat A a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 b c cos A .
Médiane : M A 2 + M B 2 = 2 M I 2 + A B 2 2 MA^2+MB^2=2MI^2+\dfrac{AB^2}{2} M A 2 + M B 2 = 2 M I 2 + 2 A B 2 (I I I milieu de [ A B ] [AB] [ A B ] ).
Aire : S = 1 2 b c sin A ^ \mathcal S=\tfrac12bc\sin\widehat A S = 2 1 b c sin A ; la formule des sinus relie chaque côté au sinus de l'angle opposé.
Toujours choisir la formule adaptée aux données avant de calculer.